Directions of development and application of plasma nitriding in industry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5937/zasmat2203251SKeywords:
plasma nitriding, stainless steels, hot forging die, titanium alloys, aluminium alloys, corrosion, wearAbstract
This paper presents a discussion of the results of previous research of the effects of surface modification of structural materials and tool steels using plasma nitriding (PN) in order to improve their mechanical, tribological and corrosion behavior. The paper discusses the current status and future directions in the application of PN on various wearing components that are exposed to high loads, stresses and frequent temperature changes. The paper provides an overview of the relevant literature whose results show the most favorable or optimal parameters of the PN process aimed at achieving the best performance in terms of wear and corrosion resistance and hardness increase for the various materials considered. Systematization of literature data about research of the impact of low-temperature PN on stainless steels has placed emphasis on those process mechanisms that achieve benefits for surface layers without creating negative side effects in the form of loss of corrosion resistance. The strengthening of hot forging dies is considered through the reasons and problems that cause the need for the application of PN, and then paper focuses on the role of PN in achieving the tribological properties required to extend the service life of the die. Publications in which the nitriding of titanium alloys is investigated through the reduction of wear, increase of bearing capacity and microhardness depending on the input parameters of the process, ie the optimal parameters applied in order to obtain the best performance characteristics are cited. The application of PN to aluminum and its alloys is discussed, as well as the conditions of testing and the achieved improvements.References
Abedi, H.R., Salehi, M., Yazdkhasti, M. (2010) Novel plasma nitriding-oxidizing duplex treatment of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel.Materials Letters, 64(6): 698-701
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.12.042
Aghajani, H., Torshizi, M., Soltanieh, M. (2017) A new model for growth mechanism of nitride layers in plasma nitriding of AISI H11 hot work tool steel.Vacuum, 141: 97-102
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.03.032
Aghajani, H., Behrangi, S. (2017) Active screen plasma nitriding. in: Plasma nitriding of steels, Švajcarska: Springer, 127-159
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43068-3_4
Ahmadi, H., Abdul, A.R., Suprapto,, Sujitno, T., Hapsari, S. (2020) Study of microstructural and corrosion properties of aluminium alloy 7075 after plasma nitriding.Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, 21(1): 1-7
https://doi.org/10.17146/jsmi.2019.21.1.5649
Ahmed, S.S.R., Szilagyine, B.A.T., Berkes, M.M.R. (2019) The effect of surface preparation on friction and wear behaviour of DLC coated X42Cr13 plastic mold tool steel.Tehnika, vol. 74, br. 2, str. 175-180
https://doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1902175S
Akhtar, S.S., Arif, A.F.M., Yilbas, B.S. (2009) Evaluation of gas nitriding process with in-process variation of nitriding potential for AISI H13 tool steel.International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47(5-8): 687-698
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-009-2215-4
Alekseeva, M.S., Gress, M.A., Scherbakov, S.P., Gerasimov, S.A., Kuksenova, L.I. (2017) The influence of high-pressure gas nitriding on the properties of martensitic steels.Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 59(7-8): 524-528
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-017-0183-0
Almeida, E.A.D.S.D., Costa, C.E.D., Milan, J.C.G. (2015) Study of the nitrided layer obtained by different nitriding methods.Matéria (Rio de Janeiro), 20(2): 460-465
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620150002.0046
Alphonsa, J., Raja, V.S., Mukherjee, S. (2015) Study of plasma nitriding and nitrocarburizing for higher corrosion resistance and hardness of 2205 duplex stainless steel.Corrosion Science, 100: 121-132
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.07.014
Ashrafizadeh, F. (2003) Influence of plasma and gas nitriding on fatigue resistance of plain carbon (Ck45) steel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 174-175: 1196-1200
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00460-2
Atapour, M., Ashrafizadeh, F. (2008) Tribology and cyclic oxidation behavior of plasma nitrided valve steel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 202(20): 4922-4929
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.051
Balikci, E., Yaman, O. (2011) Investigation on liquid bath nitriding of selected steels.Surface Engineering, 27(8): 609-615
https://doi.org/10.1179/1743294411Y.0000000034
Bashir, M.I., Shafiq, M., Naeem, M., Zaka-Ul-islam, M., Díaz-Guillén, J.C., Lopez-Badillo, C.M., Zakaullah, M. (2017) Enhanced surface properties of aluminum by PVD-TiN coating combined with cathodic cage plasma nitriding. 327: 59-65
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.08.015
Bayramoglu, M., Polat, H., Geren, N. (2008) Cost and performance evaluation of different surface treated dies for hot forging process.Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 205(1-3): 394-403
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.256
Behrens, B.A., Bräuer, G., Paschke, H., Bistron, M. (2011) Reduction of wear at hot forging dies by using coating systems containing boron.Production Engineering, 5(5): 497-506
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-011-0308-z
Bewilogua, K., Bräuer, G., Dietz, A., Gäbler, J., Goch, G., Karpuschewski, B., Szyszka, B. (2009) Surface technology for automotive engineering.CIRP Annals, 58(2), 608-627
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2009.09.001
Biró, S.A. (2013) Trends of nitriding processes, production processes and systems. 6: 57-66
Braceras, I., Ibáñez, I., Dominguez-Meister, S., Sánchez-García, J.A., Brizuela, M., Larrañaga, A., Garmendia, I. (2018) Plasma nitriding of the inner surface of stainless steel tubes.Surface and Coatings Technology, 355: 116-122
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.04.057
Brien, J.M.O., Goodman, D. (1991) Plasma (Ion) nitriding of steels. in: ASM handbook: Heat treating, Ohio: ASM International, 4: 944-954
Brühl, S.P., Charadia, R., Simison, S., Lamas, D.G., Cabo, A. (2010) Corrosion behavior of martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels treated by plasma nitriding.Surface & Coatings Technology, 204: 3280-3286
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.03.036
Buchmayr, B. (2017) Damage, lifetime, and repair of forging dies.BHM Bergund Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, 162(3): 88-93
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00501-016-0566-3
Budinski, K. (1996) Overview of surface engineering and wear. in: Effect of surface coatings and treatments on wear, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials, p. 4-21
https://doi.org/10.1520/STP16099S
Campos, M., Souza, S.D., Davim, J.P., Souza, S.D., Dionysio, M.O. (2019) Influence of the gas pressure of plasma nitriding on the structural, mechanical and tribological surface properties of AISI 316l. 22(4), 1-10
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0302
Çapa, M., Tamer, M., Gülmez, T., Bodur, C.T. (2000) Life enhancement of hot-forging dies by plasmanitriding.Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 24(2): 111-117
Cavaliere, P., Zavarise, G., Perillo, M. (2009) Modeling of the carburizing and nitriding processes.Computational Materials Science, 46(1): 26-35
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.01.024
Chaus, A.S., Kuracina, V., Moravčík, R., Hazlinger, M., Kusý, M. (2021) Effect of gas and ion plasma nitriding on the structure and properties of forging die inserts.Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 62, 577-585
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11041-021-00606-8
Chen, Z.D., Bao, C.X., Cao, Y. (2019) Nitriding processes of ferrous powder metallurgy components, transactions of powder metallurgy association of India. 45(1), 25-29
Cho, Y.W., Kang, Y.J., Baek, J.H., Woo, J.H., Cho, Y.W. (2019) Investigation of microstructure, nanohardness and corrosion resistance for oxi-nitrocarburized low carbon steel.Metals, 9(2): 190-190
https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020190
Czerwinski, F. (2012) Heat treatment: Conventional and novel applications. Rijeka: InTech
Das, K., Alphonsa, J., Ghosh, M., Ghanshyam, J., Rane, R., Mukherjee, S. Influence of pretreatment on surface behavior of duplex plasma treated AISI H13 tool steel.Surfaces and Interfaces, 8: 206-213
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2017.06.009
Dhafer, W.A.A.R., Kostyk, V., Kostyk, K., Glotka, A., Chechel, M. (2016) The choice of the optimal temperature and time parameters of gas nitriding of steel.Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 3(5(81)): 44-50
https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.69809
Đukić, V. (1994) Gasno nitriranje. in: Mašinski materijali, Kragujevac: Samostalno autorovo izdanje, p. 333
Ebara, R., Kubota, K. (2008) Failure analysis of hot forging dies for automotive components.Engineering Failure Analysis, 15(7): 881-893
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2007.10.016
Edrisy, A., Farokhzadeh, K. (2016) Plasma nitriding of titanium alloys. in: Plasma science and technology-progress in physical states and chemical reactions, Rijeka, p. 67-106
El-Hossary, F.M., Negm, N.Z., Abd, E.A.M., Raaif, M., Seleem, A.A., Abd, E.A.A. (2015) Tribo-mechanical and electrochemical properties of plasma nitriding titanium.Surface & Coatings Technology, 276, 658-667
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.003
Esfandiari, M., Dong, H. (2007) The corrosion and corrosion-wear behaviour of plasma nitrided 17-4PH precipitation hardening stainless steel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 202(3): 466-478
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.069
Esfandiari, M., Dong, H. (2007) Improving the surface properties of A286 precipitation-hardening stainless steel by low-temperature plasma nitriding.Surface and Coatings Technology, 201(14): 6189-6196
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.11.013
Ettelaei, M., Soltani, R., Rahimi, M. (2020) Microstructure and wear properties of plasma nitrided low alloy steel tubes.Materials Research Express, 6(12)
https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab663a
Farghali, A., Aizawa, T. (2017) Phase transformation induced by high nitrogen content solid solution in the martensitic stainless steels.Materials Transactions, 58(4): 697-700
https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2016418
Ferreira, L.M., Brunatto, S.F., Cardoso, R.P. (2015) Martensitic stainless steels low-temperature nitriding: dependence of substrate composition.Materials Research, 18(3): 622-627
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.015215
Flis, J., Kuczynska, M. (2004) Effect of low-temperature plasma nitriding on corrosion of 304l stainless steel in sulfate and chloride solutions.Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 151(11): B573-B573
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1801352
Fraczek, T., Ogorek, M., Skuza, Z., Prusak, R. (2020) Mechanism of ion nitriding of 316L austenitic steel by active screen method in a hydrogen-nitrogen atmosphere.International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 109(5-6): 1357-1368
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05726-8
Funatani, K. (2004) Low-temperature salt bath nitriding of steels.Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 46(7/8): 277-281
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MSAT.0000048834.48163.2e
Genel, K., Demirkol, M., Çapa, M. (2000) Effect of ion nitriding on fatigue behaviour of AISI 4140 steel.Materials Science and Engineering: A, 279(1-2), 207-216
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(99)00689-9
Ghelloudj, E., Hannachi, M.T., Djebaili, H. (2017) Effect of salt bath nitriding on surface roughness behaviour of AISI 4140 steel.Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 23(1): 45-54
https://doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i1.816
Ghelloudj, E., Djebaili, H., Hannachi, M.T., Saoudi, A., Daheche, B. (2016) The influence of salt bath nitriding variables on hardness layer of AISI 1045 steel.Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 22(3): 188-194
https://doi.org/10.12776/ams.v22i3.756
Gredelj, S., Gerson, A.R., Kumar, S., Stewart, M.N. (2002) Plasma nitriding and in situ characterisation of aluminium.Applied Surface Science, 199(1-4): 234-247
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00841-3
Gredelj, S., Gerson, A.R., Kumar, S., Cavallaro, G.P. (2001) Characterization of aluminium surfaces with and without plasma nitriding by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Applied Surface Science, 174(3-4): 240-250
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00169-6
Gredelj, S., Gerson, A.R., Kumar, S., Cavallaro, G.P. (2002) Inductively coupled plasma nitriding of aluminium.Applied Surface Science, 199(1-4): 183-194
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00766-3
Gredelj, S., Kumar, S., Gerson, A.R., Cavallaro, G.P. (2006) Radio frequency plasma nitriding of aluminium at higher power levels.Thin Solid Films, 515(4): 1480-1485
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.04.031
Gronostajski, Z., Widomski, P., Kaszuba, M., Zwierzchowski, M., Polak, S., Piechowicz, Ł., Kowalska, J., Długozima, M. (2020) Influence of the phase structure of nitrides and properties of nitrided layers on the durability of tools applied in hot forging processes.Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 52: 247-262
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.01.037
Gronostajski, Z., Kaszuba, M., Widomski, P., Smolik, J., Ziemba, J., Hawryluk, M. (2019) Analysis of wear mechanisms of hot forging tools protected with hybrid layers performed by nitriding and PVD coatings deposition.Wear, 420-421: 269-280
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.01.003
Hawryluk, M., Dobras, D., Kaszuba, M., Widomski, P., Ziemba, J. (2020) Influence of the different variants of the surface treatment on the durability of forging dies made of Unimax steel.International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 107: 4725-4739
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05357-z
Herring, D.H. (2011) Principles of gas nitriding: The nitriding process. Part 1, https://www.industrialheating.com/articles/89998principles-of-gas-nitriding-the-nitriding-processpart-1, 28.12.2020
Hosseini, S.R., Ahmadi, A. (2013) Evaluation of the effects of plasma nitriding temperature and time on the characterisation of Ti 6Al 4V alloy.Vacuum, 87: 30-39
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2012.06.008
Ionitech Ltd https://www.ionitech.com/plasmanitriding/process-and-advantages.html (14 Novembar 2021)
Jing, Y., Jun, W., Tan, G., Ji, X., Hongyuan, F. (2016) Phase transformations during low temperature nitrided inconel 718 superalloy.ISIJ International, 56(6): 1076-1082
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2015-697
Jun, Z. TD salt-bath vanadizing for application of die surface strengthening in the cold. China: Wuhan Univerzity of technology, Master Dissertation
Karamiş, M.B. (1991) An investigation of the properties and wear behaviour of plasma-nitrided hot-working steel (H13).Wear, 150(1-2): 331-342
https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(91)90327-Q
Kovács, D., Quintana, I., Dobránszky, J. (2019) Effects of different variants of plasma nitriding on the properties of the nitrided layer.Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 28, 5485-5493
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04292-9
Kumar, A., Kaur, M., Singh, S., Joseph, A., Jhala, G., Bhandari, S. (2017) High-temperature tribological studies of plasma-nitrided tool steels.Surface Engineering, 34(4): 1-14
https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2017.1341223
Kuoshe, L., Hongwei, L., Hui, Y., Dunbo, Y., Fengying, W., Shirong, Z., Guocheng, Z. (2009) Surface modification of (Tb0.3Dy0.7)Fe1.95 alloy by ion nitriding process.Journal of rare earths, 27(2): 241-243
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(08)60227-6
Kurelo, B.C.E.S., de Souza, G.B., da Silva, S.L., Serbena, F.C., Foerster, C.E., Alves, C. (2015) Plasma nitriding of HP13Cr supermartensitic stainless steel.Applied Surface Science, 349: 403-414
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.04.202
Larisch, B., Brusky, U., Spies, H.-J. (1999) Plasma nitriding of stainless steels at low temperatures, surface and coatings technology. 116-119, 205-211
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00084-5
Larsson, H., Ågren, J. (2004) Gas nitriding of high vanadium steels-experiments and simulations.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 35(9): 2799-2802
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-004-0226-1
Lavtar, L., Muhič, T., Kugler, G., Terčelj, M. (2011) Analysis of the main types of damage on a pair of industrial dies for hot forging car steering mechanisms.Engineering Failure Analysis, 18(4): 1143-1152
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.11.002
Łępicka, M., Grądzka-Dahlke, M. (2016) Direct current and pulsed direct current plasma nitriding of ferrous materials: A critical review.Acta Mechanica et Automatica, 10(2), 150-158
https://doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0024
Leskovšek, V., Podgornik, B., Jenko, M. (2009) A PACVD duplex coating for hot-forging applications.Wear, 266(3-4): 453-460
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2008.04.016
Li, H.Z., Tong, W.P., Zuo, L. (2016) Gas nitriding of high-vanadium alloy steel.Materials Science Forum, 879: 1105-1110
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.879.1105
Li, Y., He, Y., Xiu, J., Wang, W., Zhu, Y., Hu, B. (2017) Wear and corrosion properties of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel treated by active screen plasma nitriding.Surface & Coatings Technology, 329: 184-192
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.09.021
Li, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, L. (2014) Surface properties of nitrided layer on AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel produced by high temperature plasma nitriding in short time.Applied Surface Science, 298: 243-250
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.01.177
Liang, W. (2003) Surface modification of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel by plasma nitriding.Applied Surface Science, 211(1-4): 308-314
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(03)00260-5
M., Devi, U. (2002) Damage mechanisms in salt bath nitro-carburised and plasma nitrided hot forging dies of h11 tool steel.ISIJ International, 42(5): 527-533
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.42.527
Menthe, E., Bulak, A., Olfe, J., Zimmermann, A., Rie, K. (2000) Improvement of the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel after plasma nitriding.Surface and Coatings Technology, 133-134: 259-263
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(00)00930-0
Mittemeijer, E.J. (2013) Fundamentals of nitriding and nitrocarburizing. in: ASM handbook: Steel heat treating fundamentals and processes, Ohio: ASM International, 4: 619-646
https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005818
Mittemeijer, E.J., Somers, M.A.J. (1997) Thermodynamics, kinetics, and process control of nitriding.Surface Engineering, 13(6): 483-497
https://doi.org/10.1179/sur.1997.13.6.483
Mitterer, C., Holler, F., Reitberger, D., Badisch, E., Stoiber, M., Lugmair, C., Nöbauer, R., Th,, Müller, R., Kullmer (2003) Industrial applications of PACVD hard coatings.Surface and Coatings Technology, 716-722
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(02)00685-0
Muhammad, W. (2013) International symposium of advanced material: ISAM 2013. Islamabad, Pakistan, knjiga radova, p.1-6
Naeem, M., Raza, A.H., Shafiq, M., Zaka-Ul-islam, M., Iqbal, J., Díaz-Guillén, C.J., Zakaullah, M. (2017) Effect of pulsed duty cycle control on tribological and corrosion properties of AISI-316 in cathodic cage plasma nitriding.Materials Research Express, 4(11), 1-13
https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa96bf
Nam, N.D., Xuan, N.A., Bach, N.V., Nhung, L.T., Chieu, L.T. (2019) Control gas nitriding process: A review.Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD), 42(1), 17-25
https://doi.org/10.26480/jmerd.01.2019.17.25
Naseer, S., Khan, F.U., Rehman, N.U., Qayyum, A., Rahman, F., Zakaullah, M. (2010) Plasma nitriding of aluminium in a pulsed dc glow discharge of nitrogen.European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 49(2): 1-7
https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2009203
Nishimoto, A., Fukube, T., Tanaka, T. (2016) Effect of surface deposits on nitriding layer formation of active screen plasma nitriding.Materials transactions, 57(10): 1811-1815
https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.M2016209
Nishimoto, A., Matsukawa, T., Nii, H. (2014) Effect of screen open area on active screen plasma nitriding of austenitic stainless steel.ISIJ International, 54(4): 916-919
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.54.916
Nolan, D., Huang, S.W., Leskovsek, V., Braun, S. (0200) Sliding wear of titanium nitride thin films deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by PVD and plasma nitriding processes.Surface and Coatings Technology, 200(20-21), 5698-5705
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.08.110
Oerbandono, T. (2021) IOP conference series materials science and engineering. Malang, Indonesia, 2: 1-9, knjiga radova
Pantelić, I. (1974) Tehnologija termičke obrade. Novi Sad: Radnički univerzitet 'Radivoj Ćirpanov
Panjan, P., Urankar, I., Navinšek, B., Terčelj, M., Turk, R., Čekada, M., Leskovšek, V. (2002) Improvement of hot forging tools with duplex treatment.Surface and Coatings Technology, 505-509
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01634-6
Paschke, H., Weber, M., Braeuer, G., Yilkiran, T., Behrens, B., Brand, H. (2012) Optimized plasma nitriding processes for efficient wear reduction of forging dies.Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 12: 407-412
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.06.001
Paschke, H., Weber, M., Kaestner, P., Braeuer, G. (2010) Influence of different plasma nitriding treatments on the wear and crack behavior of forging tools evaluated by Rockwell indentation and scratch tests.Surface and Coatings Technology, 205(5): 1465-1469
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2010.07.053
Pinedo, C.E., Monteiro, W.A. (2004) On the kinetics of plasma nitriding a martensitic stainless steel type AISI 420.Surface and Coatings Technology, 179(2-3): 119-123
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(03)00853-3
Podgornik, B., Leskovšek, V., Tehovnik, F., Burja, J. (2015) Vacuum heat treatment optimization for improved load carrying capacity and wear properties of surface engineered hot work tool steel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 261: 253-261
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.11.021
Podgornik, B., Vižintin, J., Leskovšek, V. (1998) Tribological properties of plasma and pulse plasma nitrided AISI 4140 steel.Surface and Coatings Technology, 108-109, 454-460
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00571-4
Podgornik, B., Vižintin, J. (2003) Wear resistance of plasma and pulse plasma nitrided gears.Gear technology, 20: 33-37
Podgrajšek, M., Glodež, S., Ren, Z. (2015) Failure analysis of forging die insert protected with diffusion layer and PVD coating.Surface and Coatings Technology, 276: 521-528
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.06.021
Rad, H., Amadeh, A., Moradi, H. (2011) Wear assessment of plasma nitrided AISI H11 steel.Materials & Design, 32(5): 2635-2643
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.01.027
Raoufi, M., Mirdamadi, S., Mahboubi, F., Ahangarani, S., Mahdipoor, S.M., Elmkhah, H. (2012) Effect of active screen plasma nitriding pretreatment on wear behavior of TiN coating deposited by PACVD technique.Applied Surface Science, 258(20): 7820-7825
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.04.041
Romero, J.S., Flores, A.M., Aguilar, O.R., Peña, J.O. (2013) Tribological evaluation of plasma nitride H13 steel.Superf. vacío, 26(4), 131-138
Shafiei, M.M.S., Divandari, M., Boutorabi, A.M.S., Naghizadeh, R. (2014) Effects of the gas mixture on the characteristics of PACVD TiN coating of hotwork tool steel.Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, 15: 308-311
She, D., Yue, W., Fu, Z., Wang, C., Yang, X., Liu, J. (2015) Effects of nitriding temperature on microstructures and vacuum tribological properties of plasmanitrided titanium.Surface & Coatings Technology, 264: 32-40
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.01.029
Shibata, H., Tokaji, K., Ogawa, T., Hori, C. (1994) The effect of gas nitriding on fatigue behaviour in titanium alloys.International Journal of Fatigue, 16(6): 370-376
https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(94)90448-0
Sirin, S.Y., Sirin, K., Kaluc, E. (2008) Effect of the ion nitriding surface hardening process on fatigue behavior of AISI 4340 steel.Materials Characterization, 59(4), 351-358
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.01.019
Sörensen, P.F., Cislo, C., Paschke, H., Stockinger, M., Engel, B. (2021) Dry friction under pressure variation of PACVD TiN surfaces on selected automotive sheet metals for the application in unlubricated metal forming.Wear, 476, 1-9
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2021.203750
Sousa, R.R., de Araújo, F.O., de Carvalho, C.T.H., Nascimento, I.O., Santos, F.E.P., Júnior, C., Feitor, M.C. (2015) Thin tin and tio2 film deposition in glass samples by cathodic cage.Materials Research, 18: 347-352
https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.313914
Sousa, R.R.M., de Araújo, F.O., da Costa, J.A.P., Brandim, A., Brito, R.A., Alves, C. (2012) Cathodic cage plasma nitriding: An innovative technique.Journal of Metallurgy, 1-6
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/385963
Sousa, R.R.M., de Araújo, F.O., Ribeiro, K.J.B., Mendes, M.W.D., da Costa, J.A.P., Alves, C. (2007) Cathodic cage nitriding of samples with different dimensions.Materials Science and Engineering A, 465: 223-227
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.03.007
Steiner, T., Mittemeijer, E.J. (2016) Alloying element nitride development in ferritic Fe-based materials upon nitriding: A review.Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 25(6): 2091-2102
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-016-2048-x
Stojadinović, S., Ljevar, A. (2004) Meko nitriranje - niskotemperaturno nitriranje. in: Poznavanje materijala, Zrenjanin: Univerzitet u Novom Sadu-Tehnički fakultet 'M.Pupin, p. 300
Stojanović, Ž., Erić, S., Stanisavljev, S., Đurđev, M. (2015) Increasing the efficiency of forging tools by Toyota diffusion process.Zaštita materijala, vol. 56, br. 1, str. 92-99
https://doi.org/10.5937/ZasMat1501092S
Stojanović, Ž., Stanisavljev, S., Erić, S., Đurđev, M. (2017) Increasing the efficiency of forging tools by thermal diffusion boronizing.Zaštita materijala, vol. 58, br. 1, str. 22-29
https://doi.org/10.5937/ZasMat1701022S
Stupnišek, M., Matijević, B. (2000) Znanstveno stručni skup s međunarodnim učešćem Toplinska obradba metala i inženjerstvo površina. Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska, knjiga radova, p.1-8
Sun, Y., Bell, T. (1998) Sliding wear characteristics of low temperature plasma nitrided 316 austenitic stainless steel.Wear, 218(1): 34-42
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00199-9
Syla, N., Aliaj, F., Rama, M. (2017) Hardness curves for 31CrMoV9 steel after gas nitriding.Acta Physica Polonica A, 132(3): 484-486
https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.132.484
Taherkhani, K., Soltanieh, M. (2019) Investigation of nanomechanical and adhesion behavior for AlN coating and AlN/Fe2-3N composite coatings created by Active Screen Plasma Nitriding on Al 1050.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 783: 113-127
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.282
Taherkhani, K., Soltanieh, M. (2020) Spectroscopy study of composite coating created by a new method of activescreen plasma nitriding on pure aluminum.Surface & Coatings Technology, 393, 1-11
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125820
Taherkhani, K., Soltanieh, M. (2018) Composite coatings created by new method of active screen plasma nitriding on aluminium alloy 6061.Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 741: 1247-1257
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.12.360
Terčelj, M., Panjan, P., Urankar, I., Fajfar, P., Turk, R. (2006) A newly designed laboratory hot forging test for evaluation of coated tool wear resistance.Surface & Coatings Technology, 200(11): 3594-3604
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.02.163
Terres, M.A., Ammari, L., Chérif, A. (2017) Study of the effect of gas nitriding time on microstructure and wear resistance of 42CrMo4 steel.Materials Sciences and Applications, 08(06): 493-507
https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2017.86034
Tillmann, W., Vogli, E., Momeni, S. (2010) Mechanical and tribological properties of Ti/TiAlN duplex coatings on high and low alloy tool steels.Vacuum, 84: 387-392
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.08.001
Tjahjono, T., Riyadi, T.W.B., Febriantoko, B.W., Suprapto, M., Sujitno, T. (2019) Hardness optimization based on nitriding time and gas pressure in the plasma nitriding of aluminium alloys.Materials Science Forum, 961: 112-117
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.961.112
Tošić, M.M., Gligorijević, R. (1991) Plasma nitriding improvements of fatigue properties of nodular cast iron crankshafts.Materials Science and Engineering: A, 140: 469-473
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90464-X
Trifunović, J., Kunosić, A., Đurišić, Ž. (2004) 48. ETRAN. Čačak, knjiga radova, p.230-233
TS northeast coating technologies https://www. northeastcoating.com/products/plasmanitriding/process (14 Novembar 2021)
Umemura, M.T., Varela, L.B., Pinedo, C.E., Cozza, R.C., Tschiptschin, A.P. (2019) Assessment of tribological properties of plasma nitrided 410S ferritic-martensitic stainless steels.Wear, 49-58
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2018.12.092
Wang, B., Sun, S., Guo, M., Jin, G., Zhou, Z., Fu, W. (2015) Study on pressurized gas nitriding characteristics for steel 38CrMoAlA.Surface and Coatings Technology, 279: 60-64
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.08.035
Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yan, J., Zeng, D., Huang, R., Hu, Z. (2012) Modification of AISI 304 stainless steel surface by the low temperature complex salt bath nitriding at 430^|^deg;c.ISIJ International, 52(6): 1118-1123
https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.52.1118
Wang, J., Lin, Y., Li, M., Fan, H., Zeng, D., Xiong, J. (2013) Effects of the treating time on microstructure and erosion corrosion behavior of salt-bath-nitrided 17-4PH stainless steel.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 44(4): 1010-1016
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-013-9841-9
Weymer, P. (2009) Principles of gas nitriding.Heat Treating Progress, July/August, p. 12
Widomski, P., Gronostajski, Z. (2020) Comprehensive review of methods for increasing the durability of hot forging tools.Procedia Manufacturing, 47: 349-355
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.04.280
Xi, Y.T., Liu, D.X., Han, D., Han, Z.F. (2008) Improvement of mechanical properties of martensitic stainless steel by plasma nitriding at low temperature.Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters), 21(1): 21-29
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-7191(08)60015-0
Yagita, K., Ohki, C. (2010) Plasma nitriding treatment of high alloy steel for bearing components.Technical paper, 78: 33-40
Yan, H., Zhao, L., Chen, Z., Hu, X., Yan, Z. (2020) Investigation of the surface properties and wear properties of AISI h11 steel treated by auxiliary heating plasma nitriding.Coatings, 10(6), 1-22
https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060528
Yang, M. (2012) Nitriding: Fundamentals, modeling and process optimization. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, doktorska teza, April
Yilkiran, T., Behrens, B., Paschke, H., Weber, M., Brand, H. (2012) The potential of plasma deposition techniques in the application field of forging processes.Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 12(3): 284-291
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 CC BY 4.0 by Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
