Assessment of the properties of recycled oil palm leaflets and groundnut shells based composite panels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1321Abstract
This study was designed to examine the feasibility of recycling groundnut shells and oil palm leaflets into materials suitable for structural applications. Groundnut shell particles (GSP) and oil palm leaflet particles (OLP) were prepared and mixed at varying proportions (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 %) on dry weight basis to fabricate composite panels. The ratio by weight of the binder (topbond) to composite mix was 1:1. Three samples were fabricated per formulation, dried completely, and then subjected to various tests to determine their suitability for structural applications. The results showed that increase in the content of the OLP from 0 % to 100 % yielded average water absorption (61.85 - 86.83) %, thickness swelling (3.33 - 6.17) %, void fraction (4.51 - 9.22) %, bulk density (598.9 - 502.8) kgm-3, thermal conductivity (0.2129 - 0.2004) Wm-1K-1, specific heat capacity (1475 – 1886) Jkg-1K-1, thermal diffusivity (2.410 - 2.113) 10-7 m2s-1, heat penetration time (4.426 - 5.048) mins, flexural strength (1.454 - 1.312) N/mm2, and modulus of elasticity (218.8 - 196.5) N/mm2. Screwability and nailability were 100 % without alternation. It was revealed that the GSP-OLP panels developed in this study could be used as promising alternatives to plywood, asbestos, plaster of Paris which are known conventional ceilings applied for thermal insulation in building design. They could as well be applied internally as wall partition materials. Relying on used wastes for such undertaking could enhance low-cost building construction and at the same time mitigate the adverse effects associated with their disposal.
Keywords:
bulk density, ceiling, flexural strength, thermal insulation, waste materialsReferences
S.E. Etuk, U.W. Robert, J.B. Emah, O.E. Agbasi (2020) Dielectric Properties of Eggshell Membrane of Some Select Bird Species. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 15(2), 91-98.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04931-7
S.E. Etuk, U.W. Robert, O.E. Agbasi, N.J. Inyang (2023) Evaluation of Thermophysical and Strength Properties of Composite Panels Produced from Sugarcane Bagasse and Waste Newspapers. Advances in Materials Science, 23(1),19 – 31. https://doi.org/10.2478/adms-2023-0002
A.U. Anonaba, F.C. Eze, I.C. Ndukwe (2024) Influence of Oil Palm MesocarpFiber on Physical Properties of fabricated plaster of Paris Ceilings. Engineering and Technology Journal, 42(4), 398-406. http://doi.org/10.0000.v8i2
J. Dirisu, O.S.I. Fayomi, S.O. Oyedepo, E.T. Akinlabi (2019) A Preliminary study on chemical and physical properties of coconut shell powder as an enhancer in building ceilings for construction industry: Review. IOP Conference Series Materials Sciences and Engineering, 640, 012063.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/640/1/012063
U.S. Okorie, U.W. Robert, U.A. Iboh, G.P. Umoren (2020) Assessment of the suitability of tiger nut fiber for structural applications. Journal of Renewable Energy and Mechanics, 3(1), 32 – 39.
https://doi.org/10.25299/rem.2020.vol3(01).4417
O.J. Aladegboye, O.J. Oyedepo, T.J. Awolola, O.D. Oguntayo, O.Y. Babatunde, O.T. Ilesanmi, P.P. Ikubanni (2024) Physicomechanical and thermal properties of particleboard produced using waste ceramic materials and corncob. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 1, 8839814.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8839814
B.B. Hassan (2019) Production and characterization of particleboards from common agro-wastes in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 4(1), 637 - 642
D.N. Tawasil, E. Aminudin, N.H.A.S. Lim, N.M.Z.N. Soh, P.C. Leng, G.H.T. Ling, M.H. Ahmad (2021) Coconut fiber and saw dust as green building materials: A laboratory assessment on physical and mechanical properties of particleboards. Buildings, 11(6), 256.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11060256
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, U.S. Okorie, A. Lashin (2021) Hygrothermal properties of Environmental Technology &sandcrete blocks produced with raw and hydrothermally-treated sawdust as partial substitution materials for sand. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences.In Press
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2021.10.005
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, G.P. Umoren, N.J. Inyang (2021) Investigation of thermophysical and mechanical properties of board produced from coconut (Cocosnucifera) leaflet. Innovation, 24, 101869.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021/101869
Y.Y. Teng (2023) Oil palm anatomy: 5 ways an oil palm differs from a typical tree.
E. Barcelos, S. Rios, R.N. Cunha, R. Lopes, S.Y. Motoike, E. Babiychuk, A. Skirycz, S. Kushnir (2015) Oil palm natural diversity and the potential for yield improvement. Front. Plant. Sci., 6, Article 190, 1–16. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00190
[13] K.P. P. Nair (2010) Oil Palm (Elaeisguineensis). In: The Agronomy and Economy of important tree crops of the Developing World., p. 209 – 236.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384677-8.00007-2
A. Descals, S. Wich, E. Meijaard, Z. Szantoi (2021) High-resolution global map of smallholder and industrial closed-canopy oil palm plantation. Earth System Science Data, 13(3), 1211 - 1231. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1211-2021
Z. Du, L. Yu, J. Yang, Y. Xu, B. Chen, S. Peng, T. Zhang, H. Fu, N. Harris, P. Gong (2022) A global map of planting years of plantations. Scientific Data, 9(1), 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01260-2
N. Sathiparan, A. Anburuvel, v.V.Selvam, P.A. Vithurshan, (2023). Potential use of groundnut shell ash in sustainable stabilized earth blocks. Constr Build Mater., 393, 132058.
https://doi.or1g/10.1016/j.conbildmat.2023.132058
B.AUdeh (2018) Bio-waste transesterification alternative for biodiesel production: a combined manipulation of lipase enzyme action and lignocellulosic fermented ethanol.Asian Journal of BiotechnolologyBioresource Technology, 3(3), 1– 9. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJB2T/2018/40789
N. Kanokon, S. Andrea, B. Peter (2018) Influence of KOH on the carbon nanostructure of peanut shell. Resolution and Discovery, 3(2), 29 – 32. https://doi.org/10.1556/2051.2018.00060
U.Z. Zakariyya, S.I. Saifullahi (2018) Evaluation of microcrystalline cellulose from groundnut shell for the removal of crystal violet and methylene blue. Nanosci.Nanotechnol. 8 (1), 1 – 6.
K. Upendra, T. Akshay, H. Vedika, K. Dhanashree, S. Prathamesh, N. Vivek (2018) Production of paper from Groundnuts shell. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng., 7 (2), 288 – 293.
J.B. Emah, A.A. Edema, S.A. Ekong, D.A. Oyegoke, U.W. Robert, F.O. Fasuyi (2024) Thermophysical, Strength, and Electrical Properties of Clay Modified with Groundnut Shell Ash for Building Purposes. Journal of SustainableConstructionMaterials and Technologies, 9(4), 335 – 345.
https://doi.org/10.47481/jscmt.1600562
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, S.A. Ekong, E.U. Nathaniel, A.U. Anonaba, L.A. Nnana (2021)Valorization of Waste Carton Paper, Melon Seed Husks, and Groundnut Shells to Thermal Insulation Panels for Structural Applications.Polytechnica.4(1), 97–106.
doi.org/10.1007/s41050-021-00034-w
G.U. Raju, S. Kumarappa (2011) Experimental study on mechanical properties of groundnut shell particle-reinforced epoxy composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30(12), 1029 – 1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684411410761
O. Olamide, A. Banjo, A.F.Omojo (2020) Optimization and material characterization of groundnut shell and rice husk for Production of particleboard. ActaTecnología - International Scientific Journal about Technologies, 6(3), 59 – 67. https://doi.org/10.22306/atec.v6i3.78
C. Ferrández-García, A.Ferrández-García, M. Ferrández-Villena, J.F. Hidalgo-Cordero, T. García-Ortuño, M.Ferrández-García (2018) Physical and Mechanical properties of particleboard made from palm tree prunings.Forests, 9(12), 755.
https://doi.org/10.3390/f9120755
J. Jacob, P.A.Mamza, A.S. Ahmed, S.A. Yaro (2018) Effect of groundnut shell powder on the viscoelastic properties of recycled high density polyethylene composites. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 139 – 144. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.23S
G. Nyior, S. Aye, S. Tile (2018) Study of mechanical properties of raffia palm fiber/groundnut shell reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 6, 179 - 192.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2018.62013
K. Mausam, A. Bhardwaj,R.P. singh (2021) Investigation of mechanical property of eco-friendly natural filler (groundnut, saw dust, and hybrid shell) reinforced epoxy based composite. IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering,1116, 012032.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012032
N.E. Ekpenyong, S.A. Ekong, E.U. Nathaniel, J.E. Thomas, U.S. Okorie, U.W. Robert, I.A. Akpabio, N.U. Ekanem (2023) Thermal Response and Mechanical Properties of Groundnut Shells’ Composite Boards. Researchers Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 42 – 57.
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, U.S. Okorie, Z.T. Abdulrazzaq, A.U. Anonaba, O.T. Ojo (2021) On the hygrothermal properties of sandcrete blocks produced with sawdust as partial replacement of sand. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 30(1), 144 – 155.
https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2021-0015
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, P.D. Ambrose (2024) Development of Lightweight Sawdust-based Composite panels for Building Purposes. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 7(5), 631 – 640.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2024.05.005
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi (2019) Bulk Volume Determination by Modified Water Displacement Method. Iraqi Journal of Science, 60(8), 1704 – 1710.
https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2019.60.8.7
S.E. Etuk, U.W. Robert, O.E. Agbasi (2021) Investigation of heat transfer and mechanical properties of SaccharumOfficinarumleaf boards. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources, 6(1), 05 – 102.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00123-7
ASTM D 1037 (2020) Standard test methods for evaluating properties of wood-base fiber and particle panel materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, U.S. Okorie, N.E. Ekpenyong, A.U. Anonaba (2022) On the Modification of Lee – Charlton’s Disc Apparatus Technique for Thermal Conductivity Determination. Researchers’ Journal of Science and Technology, 2(3), 1 – 17.
https://rejost.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/36
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, U.S. Okorie (2021) Quick Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulators Using a Modified Lee – Charlton’s Disc Apparatus Technique. International Journal of Thermophysics, 42, 113
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-021-02864-3
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, U.A. Iboh, G.P. Umoren, O.E. Agbasi, Z.T. Abdulrazzaq (2020) Thermal and
Mechanical properties of fabricated Plaster of Paris filled with groundnut seed coat and waste newspaper materials for structural application.Építôanyag-Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials, 72(2), 72 – 78.
https://doi.org/10.14382/epĩtõanyag-jsbcm.2020.12
G.P. Umoren, A.O. Udo, I.E. Udo (2023) Suitability of LagenariabrevifloraRind filled plaster of Paris ceilings for building design.Researchers’ Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 1 – 14.
https://rejost.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/54
S.E. Etuk, U.W. Robert, O.E. Agbasi (2022) Thermophysical properties of oil empty fruit bunch peduncle for use as a mulching material. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 35(3), 448 – 455.
https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2022.0065
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, G.P. Umoren (2020) Comparison of clay soils of different colors existing under the same conditions in a location. Imam Journal of Applied Sciences, 5; 68–73.
https://doi.org/10.4103/ijas.ijas_35_19
U.W. Robert, S.E. Etuk, O.E. Agbasi, S.A. Ekong, Z.T. Abdulrazzaq, A.U. Anonaba (2021) Investigation of Thermal and Strength Properties of Composite Panels fabricated with Plaster of Paris for Insulation in Buildings. International Journal of Thermophysics, 42(2), 1 – 18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-020-02780-y
ASTM D790 (2017) Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
A.B. Akinyemi, J.O. Afolayan, E.O. Oluwatobi (2016) Some Properties of Composite Corn Cob and Sawdust particleboards. Construction and Building Materials, 127, 436 – 441.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.040
S.R. Shukla, D.P. Kamdem (2009) Properties of laboratory made yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) laminated veneer lumber: effect of adhesives. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 67(4), 397 – 406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-009-0333-1
İ. Özlüsoylu, A. İstek(2019) The Effect of Hybrid Resin Usage on Thermal Conductivity in Ecological Insulation Panel Production, 4th International Conference on Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences (ICETAS) April 24-28 2019 Kiev Ukraine. p. 292 – 296
BS EN 622 - 5 (2009) British Standard. Fiberboards-specifications Part 5.
E.R.K. Rajput (2015) Heat and mass transfer, 6th Revised edn., S. Chand and Company PVT Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi, p.15
O.N. Ezenwa, E.N. Obika, I.E. Ekengwu, O.C. Okafor (2023) Thermal behavior of agro-waste based ceiling board and its filler material. Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering, 9(1),11 - 18.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2392145/v1
L. Czajkowski, R. Kocewicz, J. Weres, W. Olek (2022) Estimation of thermal properties of straw-based insulating panels. Materials, 15(3), 1073.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15031073
Y. Sheni, B.S. Yahaya, M.A. Mbishida, F. Achema, G.S. Karfe (2017) Production of agro waste composite ceiling board (A case study of the Mechanical properties). Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(6), 208 – 212.
