Evaluating the water quality of a Kondakarla Ava Lake for agricultural endeavours in Visakhapatnam, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1172Keywords:
Eutrophication; Potability; Water Quality Index; Overall Index of Pollution; Principal Component Analysis; IrrigationAbstract
Global population growth is placing a pressure on freshwater resources. Freshwater resources are becoming scarcer in terms of both quantity and quality due to the rising demand. Assessing water quality of surface water bodies for irrigation is essential as water with poor quality can pose health risks. The study involved observing the physicochemical parameters of Kondakarla Ava Lake from six different sampling locations. The study revealed that it could not use directly for drinking purposes as per NSFWQI. According to parameters like RSC, SAR, PI, % Na, and IWQI, water quality is appropriate for irrigation. It is further strengthened by the USSL diagram showing that the Kondakarla Ava Lake samples fall under the categories C3S1 and C4S1, which indicates that water has low sodium peril and high to very high salinity. The Wilcox diagram showed the grouping of the samples under three categories: excellent, good to permissible, and doubtful.
References
Kazi, T. G., M. B. Arain, M. K. Jamali, N. Jalbani, H. I. Afridi, R. A. Sarfraz, J. A. Baig, and A. Q. Shah. "Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: a case study." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, no. 2 (2009): 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.02.024.
Jarvie, H. P., B. A. Whitton, and C. Neal. "Nitrogen and phosphorus in east coast British Rivers: speciation, sources and biological significance." Science of the Total Environment 210-211 (1998): 79-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00109-0.
Karbassi, A. R., S. M. Monavari, G. R. Nabi Bidhendi, J. Nouri, and K. Nematpour. "Metal pollution assessment of sediment and water in the Shur River." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 147 (2008): 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0102-8.
Mahvi, A. H., J. Nouri, R. Nabizadeh, and A. A. Babaei. "Agricultural activities impact on groundwater nitrate pollution." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (2005): 41-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325856.
Nouri, J., A. H. Mahvi, G. R. Jahed, and A. A. Babaei. "Regional distribution pattern of groundwater heavy metals resulting from agricultural activities." Environmental Geology 55, no. 6 (2008): 1337-1343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1081-3.
Simeonov, V., P. Simeonova, and R. Tsitouridou. "Chemometric quality assessment of surface waters: two case studies." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering 11, no. 6 (2004): 449-469.
Simeonov, V. S., J. Samara, C. Zachariadis, G. Voutsa, D. Anthemidis, A. Sofoniou, and M. Kouimtzis. "Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in Northern Greece." Water Research 37 (2003): 4119-4124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1.
Chaudhari, P. R., D. V. Ahire, V. D. Ahire, M. Chakravarty, and S. Maity. "Soil Bulk Density as related to Soil Texture, Organic Matter Content and available total Nutrients of Coimbatore Soil." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 3, no. 2 (2013): 67-75.
Herrera-Silveira, J. A., and S. M. Morales-Ojeda. "Evaluation of the health status of a coastal ecosystem in southeast Mexico: Assessment of water quality, phytoplankton and submerged aquatic vegetation." Marine Pollution Bulletin 59, no. 1-3 (2008): 72-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.11.017.
Poonam, T., B. Tanushree, and C. Sukalyan. "Water quality indices-important tools for water quality assessment: a review." International Journal of Advanced Chemistry 1, no. 1 (2015): 15-28.
Srivastava, K. S., and L. A. Ramanathan. "Geochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Vicinity of Bhalswa Landfill. Delhi; India by Using Graphical and Multivariable Statistical Methods." Environmental Geology 53 (2008): 1509-1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0762-2.
Dixon, W., and B. Chiswell. "Review of Aquatic Monitoring Program Design." Water Research 30 (1996): 1935-1948. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(96)00087-5.
Surakasi, C. R., and S. H. Doke. "Assessment of groundwater quality in the vicinity of landfill site: A case study of Dhapa landfill site, Kolkata." Applied Water Science 9, no. 2 (2019): 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1088-1.
Singh, K., A. Malik, D. Mohan, and S. Sinha. "Multivariate Statistical Techniques of the Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality of Gomti River (India) - A Case Study." Water Research 38 (2004): 3980-3992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.011.
American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Washington, D.C., 2005.
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Drinking water specifications (revised 2003) IS:10500. 1998.
Horton, R. K. "An index number system for rating water quality." Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation 37, no. 3 (1965): 300-306.
Brown, R. M., N. J. McClelland, R. A. Deininger, and R. G. Tozer. "Water quality index--Do we dare?" Water and Sewage Works 117 (1970): 339.
Oram, B. "Water Quality Index Calculator." Field Manual for Water Quality Monitoring. Pennsylvania, USA, 2012.
Sargaonkar, A., and V. Deshpande. "Development of an Overall Index of Pollution for Surface Water Based on a General Classification Scheme in Indian Context." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 89 (2003): 43-67. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025886025137.
Richards, L. M. Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils. Agriculture Handbook No. 60, US Salinity Laboratory, USDA, 1954.
Doneen, L. D. Water quality for agriculture. Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis, 1964.
Ayers, R. S., and D. W. Westcot. The water quality in agriculture. 2nd ed., UFPB, FAO Irrigation and Drainage, Campina Grande, 1999.
Ayers, R. S., and D. W. Westcot. Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation, 1985.
Bhat, N., A. Bhat, S. Nath, B. Singh, and D. Guha. "Assessment of Drinking and Irrigation Water Quality of Surface Water Resources of South-West Kashmir, India." Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering 6 (2016): 78-85. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-784X.1000222.
Garrels, R. M. "Survey of Low Temperature Water Mineral Relations in Interpretation of Environmental Isotope and Hydrogeochemical Data in Groundwater Hydrology." International Atomic Energy Agency (1976): 65-84.
Datta, P., and S. Tyagi. "Major ion chemistry of groundwater in Delhi area: Chemical weathering processes and groundwater flow regime." Journal of the Geological Society of India 47 (1996): 179-188.
Sawyer, C. N., and P. L. McCarty. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1978.
Singh, S. K., P. K. Srivastav, D. Singh, D. Han, S. K. Gautam, and A. C. Pande. "Modeling ground water quality over a humid subtropical region using numerical indices, earth observation datasets and X ray diffraction techniques, A case study of Allahabad district India." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 37, no. 1 (2015): 157-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-014-9638-z.
Juahir, H., S. M. Zain, M. K. Yusoff, T. I. T. Hanidza, A. S. M. Armi, M. E. Toriman, and M. Mokhtar. "Spatial water quality assessment of Langat River basin (Malaysia) using environmetric techniques." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 173 (2011): 625-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1411-x
Srivastava, K. S., and L. A. Ramanathan. "Geochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Vicinity of Bhalswa Landfill. Delhi; India by Using Graphical and Multivariable Statistical Methods." Environmental Geology 53 (2008): 1509-1528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0762-2.
