Fresh and hardened characteristics of a novel alkali-activated geopolymer concrete with GGBFS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62638/ZasMat1121Keywords:
Geopolymer; Geopolymer Solid Binder; Alkali-Activated Solution; Fly Ash; GGBFSAbstract
The development of a country's infrastructure relies heavily on the use of cement concrete as the major building material. The cement industry significantly contributes to global warming due to its substantial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Reducing the consumption of cement in concrete while maintaining its essential features can lead to a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly advancement of the construction sector.
By looking at a new concrete mix that includes fly ash (FA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS), this study aims to develop cement less concrete. An Alkali-Activated Solution (AAS) was used as the liquid binder along with a dry mix of FA and GGBFS. This study examines the utilization and impact of liquid and solid binders in the production of alkali-activated GGBFS-based Geopolymer Concrete (GPC), as well as the optimal quantities required for their incorporation. Various ratios of AAS to GSB were experimented with to determine the optimum mixture. To find optimum mixture of GGBFS for the GPC, different amounts of GGBFS were utlised as a Partial substitution for fly ash. At 28 days, test specimens, such as cubes, cylinders, and beams, were cast and put to the test. The GPC has also decided to use heat curing to get good results. It is found that the ratio 0.5 between AAS and GSB and a makeup of 75% GGBFS made the strongest material. The results of the study show that using AAS and GGBFS in geopolymer concrete makes a better product, which could be used in places where there is not enough water
References
P.Zhang, Z.Gao, J.Wang, J.Guo, S.Hu, Y.Ling (2020) Properties of fresh and hardened fly ash/slag based Geopolymer Concrete: A Review; Journal of Cleaner Production, 270, 122389. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jclepro.2020.122389.
E.Benhelal, G.Zahedi, E.Shamsaei, A.Bahadori (2013) Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in Cement Industry; Journal of Cleaner Production, 51, 142–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jclepro.2012.10.049.
A.Sabbagh Moghadam, N.Hadiani (2018) Stabilizing the excavation materials to be used in fill layers; Civil Engineering Journal, 4(5), 1165-1172. doi:10.28991/cej-0309165
D.Joseph (1994) Geopolymers: man-made rock geosynthesis and the resulting development of very early high strength cement; Journal of Materials education, 16, 91-91
F.Pacheco-Torgal, J.Castro-Gomes, S.Jalali (2008) Alkali-activated binders: A Review; Construction and Building Materials, 22(7), 1305–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.10.015
C.K.Ma, A.Z.Awang, W.Omar (2018) Structural and material performance of Geopolymer Concrete: A Review; Construction and Building Materials, 186, 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2018. 07.111
B.Singh, M.R.Rahman, R.Paswan, S.K. Bhattacharyya (2016) Effect of activator concentration on the strength, Itz and drying shrinkage of fly ash/slag geopolymer concrete; Construction and Building Materials, 118, 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.008
S.A.Bernal, J.L.Provis, B.Walkley, R.San Nicolas, J.D.Gehman, D.G.Brice, J.S.J.Van Deventer (2013) Gel nanostructure in alkali-activated binders based on slag and fly ash, and effects of accelerated carbonation; Cement and Concrete Research, 53, 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres. 2013. 06.007
M.Mastali, P.Kinnunen, A.Dalvand, R.Mohammadi Firouz, M.Illikainen (2018) Drying shrinkage in alkali-activated binders – A critical review; Construction and Building Materials, 190, 533–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.125
N.K.Lee, H.K.Lee (2013) Setting and mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash/slag concrete manufactured at room temperature; Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1201–1209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.107
J.J.Ekaputri, M.B.Ulum, R.Triwulan Bayuaji, T.E.Susanto, M.M.Al Bakri Abdullah (2015) A comprehensive characterization and determination of Fly Ashes in Indonesia using different methods; Applied Mechanics and Materials, 754–755, 320–325. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755. 320
G.S.Ryu, Y.B.Lee, K.T.Koh, Y.S.Chung (2013) The mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators; Construction and Building Materials, 47, 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.069
A.Ojha, P.Aggarwal (2021) Fly Ash based Geopolymer Concrete: A comprehensive review; Silicon, 14(6), 2453–2472. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12633-021-01044-0
J.R.Yost, A.Radlińska, S.Ernst, M.Salera (2012) Structural behavior of alkali activated fly ash concrete. part 1: Mixture design, material properties and sample fabrication; Materials and Structures, 46(3), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9919-x
G.Saini, U.Vattipalli (2020) Assessing properties of alkali activated GGBS based self-compacting geopolymer concrete using nano-silica; Case Studies in Construction Materials, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00352
C.Luan, X.Shi, K.Zhang, N.Utashev, F.Yang, J.Dai, Q.Wang (2021) A mix design method of fly ash geopolymer concrete based on factors analysis; Construction and Building Materials, 272, 121612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121612
S.V.Patil, V.B.Karikatti, M.Chitawadagi (2018) Granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) based geopolymer concrete - review concrete – review; International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 5(1), 879. https://doi.org/10. 29294/IJASE.5.1.2018.789 -885
K.Vijai, R.Kumutha, B.G. Vishnuram (2010) Effect of types of curing on strength of geopolymer concrete; International journal of physical sciences, 5(9), 1419-1423.
A.Noushini, A.Castel, J.Aldred, A.Rawal (2020) Chloride diffusion resistance and chloride binding capacity of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete; Cement and Concrete Composites, 105, 103290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.04.006
S.Nagajothi S, S.Elavenil (2020) Effect of GGBS addition on reactivity and microstructure properties of ambient cured fly ash based geopolymer concrete; Silicon,13(2), 507–516. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s12633-020-00470-w
R.R.Bellum, R.Nerella, S.R.Madduru, C.S.Indukuri (2019) Mix Design and mechanical properties of fly ash and GGBFS-synthesized alkali-activated concrete (AAC); Infrastructures, 4(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4020020
H.Ma, H.Zhu, C.Yi, J.Fan, H.Chen, X.Xu, T.Wang (2019) Preparation and reaction mechanism characterization of alkali-activated coal gangue–slag materials; Materials 12(14), 2250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142250
IS 383 (2016) Indian Standard Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards
M.S.Red, P.Dinakar, B.H.Rao (2018) Mix design development of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete; Journal of Building Engineering, 20, 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.09.010
R.R.Bellum, K.Muniraj, S.R.Madduru (2020) Investigation on modulus of elasticity of fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag blended geopolymer concrete; Materials Today: Proceedings, 27, 718–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.matpr. 2019.11.299
IS 456 (2000) Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete,” Bureau of Indian Standards,
ASTM C-293 (2002), Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of concrete (using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading) International Standard Organization
Y.Hu, Z.Tang, W.Li, Y.Li, V.W.Y.Tam (2019) Physical-mechanical properties of fly ash/GGBFS geopolymer composites with recycled aggregates; Construction and Building Materials, 226, 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.211
Diaz-Loya E I, Allouche E N, and Vaidya S (2011) Mechanical properties of fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 108(3). doi:10.14359/51682495
IS 5816 (1999) Indian Standard Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Method of Test,” Bureau of Indian Standards.
P.Nath, P.K.Sarker (2014) Effect of GGBFS on setting, workability and early strength properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete cured in ambient condition; Construction and Building Materials, 66, 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2014. 05.080
Z.Tang, Y.Hu, V.W.Y.Tam, W.Li (2019) Uniaxial compressive behaviors of fly ash/slag-based geopolymeric concrete with recycled aggregates; Cement and Concrete Composites,104, 103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103375
J.Xie, J.Wang, R.Rao, C.Wang, C.Fang (2019) Effects of combined usage of GGBS and fly ash on workability and mechanical properties of alkali activated geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregate; Composites Part B: Engineering 164: 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.067
I.R.Mithanthaya, S.Marathe, B.S.Rao, V.Bhat (2017) Influence of superplasticizer on the properties of geopolymer concrete using industrial wastes; Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(9), 9803–9806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.270
S.Kuma, R.Kumar, S.P.Mehrotra (2010) Influence of granulated blast furnace slag on the reaction, structure and properties of fly ash based geopolymer; Journal of Materials Science, 45(3), 607–615.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3934-5
ACI M318 (2005) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary, American Concrete Institude.
P.Nath, P.K.Sarker (2016) Fracture properties of GGBFS-blended fly ash geopolymer concrete curd in ambient temperature; Materials and Structures, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0893-6
G.Fang, W.K.Ho, W.Tu, M.Zhang (2018) Workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash-slag concrete cured at ambient temperature; Construction and Building Materials, 172, 476–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.008
Code, CEB-FIP Model(1995) Comité euro-inter-national du béton. Bulletin d’information 213: 46.
